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Yup'ik Raven This collection of student work is from Frank Keim's classes. He wants to share these works for others to use as an example of culturally-based curriculum and documentation. These documents have been OCR-scanned and are available for educational use only.


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Martha Kopanuk
(Igvaralria)

Martha Kopanuk was born in Scammon Bay on Sept. 3, 1911. She moved to Hooper Bay a long time ago. "In those days," she said, "we lived in houses made of mud on the outside, and on the inside they put grass. The houses looked like this: The inside was flat and the wood posts stood straight. We had dirt floors, and our windows were made out of seal intestines."

All they had to eat in those days were Eskimo foods. In the summer time they ate fruits and greens from the tundra. They did not have many dogs then. They mostly pulled their sleds by their own power. For hunting foods they had no motor boats, only kayaks.

When she was a little girl she used to go play on the side of the mountain behind Scammon Bay. There used to be a lot of grass everywhere before they built modern houses in the village. They had no planes or boats or cars then; they only used to see kayaks.

Martha said she likes the modern days better than the old days because her old days were poor.

interview by Eleanor Tomaganuk


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