 Marshall
Cultural Atlas
This collection of student work is from
Frank Keim's classes. He has wanted to share these works for others
to use as an example of Culturally-based curriculum and documentation. These
documents have been OCR-scanned. These are available
for educational use only.
Sockeye or Red Salmon
(Oncorhynchus nerka)
(Cayak)
THE ANADROMOUS SOCKEYE, is also known as the Red
salmon. It is common from Point Hope, Alaska, south to the Klamath
River in California. The Sockeye is one of the most important
commercial fish in Alaska.
The colors of the Sockeye salmon in ocean waters
are metallic greenish-blue on the dorsal surface with fine black
specklings. The large black spots that are found on the backs of
Silver, King and Pink salmon are completely lacking on Sockeye. The
sides are silvery that blend to white on the underbelly. Mature male
Sockeye in fresh water have humped backs, hooked upper jaw and
brilliant red coloration on the back blending to deep dark red on the
sides. The ventral, pectoral and caudal fins are metallic green. The
mature females lack the humped back and the hooked jaw and usually
have greenish-yellow blotches on the sides, in addition to the dark
red. Young fish are mainly green and silver on the sides. They have 6
to 10 oval blotches on the sides which barely extend below the
lateral line.
During early summer the adult Sockeye salmon
migrate from salt water to freshwater stream systems where they
originated. Some of the spawning tributaries are in lakes, streams,
and alongside beaches. At sea Sockeye are bright and silvery, but
when they enter freshwater where they spawn they change to bright
red. Within one to two months in late summer they are ready to spawn.
During spawning the female digs a nest, or redd, with her tail fin so
that she can lay her eggs in it. Then one or more males fertilize the
eggs. Both male and female die usually within two weeks after
spawning. During the fall and winter the eggs develop into alevins.
These tiny fish live in the gravel utilizing the food materials
contained in the yolk of the egg. In the early spring the fry move
into lakes and spend one or more years in freshwater before migrating
to the sea in the spring as smolts. The migration of smolts usually
ends by midsummer. After two to four years in salt water, mature fish
usually have attained weights varying from four to eight pounds.
These fish usually stay in the saltwater for four to six years before
returning to freshwater to spawn.
The major freshwater food for young Sockeye is
minute planktonic crustacea, although insects are occasionally eaten.
In the ocean the young Sockeye feed on marine planktonic forms and
small crustaceans.
Sport fishermen seldom hook Sockeye while in
saltwater. But when they enter freshwater they hook them as they go
upstream.
Commercial fishing for Sockeye salmon is mostly
done in Bristol Bay or Cook Inlet. Commercial fishermen refer to
these salmon as "money-fish" because they only fish for it to make
money. The average yearly catch from 1955 to 1971 was worth
approximately $16.4 million. The most common method of commercial
fishing for it is with drift gill nets.
Jack
George
Christmastime Tales
Stories real and imaginary about Christmas, Slavik, and the New Year
Winter, 1996 |
Christmastime Tales II
Stories about Christmas, Slavik, and the New Year
Winter, 1998 |
Christmastime Tales III
Stories about Christmas, Slavik, and the New Year
Winter, 2000 |
| Summer Time Tails 1992 |
Summertime Tails II 1993 |
Summertime Tails III |
| Summertime Tails IV Fall, 1995 |
Summertime Tails V Fall, 1996 |
Summertime Tails VI Fall, 1997 |
| Summertime Tails VII Fall, 1999 |
Signs of the Times November 1996 |
Creative Stories From Creative Imaginations |
| Mustang Mind Manglers - Stories of the Far Out,
the Frightening and the Fantastic 1993 |
Yupik Gourmet - A Book of
Recipes |
|
| M&M Monthly |
|
|
| Happy Moose Hunting! September Edition 1997 |
Happy Easter! March/April 1998 |
Merry Christmas December Edition 1997 |
| Happy Valentine’s
Day! February Edition
1998 |
Happy Easter! March/April Edition 2000 |
Happy Thanksgiving Nov. Edition, 1997 |
| Happy Halloween October 1997 Edition |
Edible and Useful Plants of Scammon
Bay |
Edible Plants of Hooper Bay 1981 |
| The Flowers of Scammon Bay Alaska |
Poems of Hooper Bay |
Scammon Bay (Upward Bound Students) |
| Family Trees and the Buzzy Lord |
It takes a Village - A guide for parents May 1997 |
People in Our Community |
| Buildings and Personalities of
Marshall |
Marshall Village PROFILE |
Qigeckalleq Pellullermeng ‘A
Glimpse of the Past’ |
| Raven’s
Stories Spring 1995 |
Bird Stories from Scammon Bay |
The Sea Around Us |
| Ellamyua - The Great Weather - Stories about the
Weather Spring 1996 |
Moose Fire - Stories and Poems about Moose November,
1998 |
Bears Bees and Bald Eagles Winter 1992-1993 |
| Fish Fire and Water - Stories about fish, global warming
and the future November, 1997 |
Wolf Fire - Stories and Poems about Wolves |
Bear Fire - Stories and Poems about Bears Spring,
1992 |
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